What’s New in Python 3.13

https://medium.com/@rdhankhar899/whats-new-in-python-3-13-45516e6568a8

https://docs.python.org/ko/3.13/whatsnew/3.13.html#what-s-new-in-python-3-13

This article explains the new features in Python 3.13, compared to 3.12. Python 3.13 was released on October 7, 2024, marking a significant advancement for the language. Many of the most impactful changes occur behind the scenes, so they may take time to notice.

Python 3.13 is setting the stage for future enhancements, particularly in terms of performance improvements. For full details, see the changelog.

Python 3.13 is the latest stable release of the Python programming language, with a mix of changes to the language, the implementation and the standard library. The biggest changes include a new interactive interpreter, experimental support for running in a free-threaded mode (PEP 703), and a Just-In-Time compiler (PEP 744).

Error messages continue to improve, with tracebacks now highlighted in color by default. The locals() builtin now has defined semantics for changing returning mapping, and type parameters now support values.

The library changes contain removal of deprecated APIs and modules, as well as the usual improvements in user-friendliness and correctness. Several legacy standard library modules have now been removed following their deprecation in Python 3.11 (PEP 594).

Here is a list of major features and improved modules.

· Improved REPL

· Free Threading Cpython

· An Experimental just-in-time (JIT)

· Improved Error Messages

· Copy’s Replace

· Support for Mobile Platforms

Improved REPL

Python now uses a new interactive shell by default, based on code from the PyPy project. When the user starts the REPL from an interactive terminal, the following new features are now supported:

• Multiline editing with history preservation.
• Direct support for REPL-specific commands like help, exit, and quit, without the need to call them as functions.
• Prompts and tracebacks with color enabled by default.
• Interactive help browsing using F1 with a separate command history.
• History browsing using F2 that skips output as well as the >>> and … prompts.
• “Paste mode” with F3 that makes pasting larger blocks of code easier (press F3 again to return to the regular prompt).

Free Threading Cpython

CPython now has experimental support for running in a free-threaded mode, with the global interpreter lock (GIL) disabled. This is an experimental feature and therefore is not enabled by default. The free-threaded mode requires a different executable, usually called python3.13t or python3.13t.exe. Pre-built binaries marked as free-threaded can be installed as part of the official Windows and macOS installers, or CPython can be built from source with the — disable-gil option.

An Experimental just-in-time (JIT)

When CPython is configured and built using the — enable-experimental-jit option, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler is added which may speed up some Python programs. On Windows, use PCbuild/build.bat — experimental-jit to enable the JIT or — experimental-jit-interpreter to enable the Tier 2 interpreter. Build requirements and further supporting information are contained at Tools/jit/README.md.

Improved Error Messages

The interpreter now uses color by default when displaying tracebacks in the terminal. This feature can be controlled via the new PYTHON_COLORS environment variable as well as the canonical NO_COLOR and FORCE_COLOR environment variables. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo Salgado in gh-112730.)

The error message now tries to suggest the correct keyword argument when an incorrect keyword argument is passed to a function.

# Incorrect usage of the built-in sorted() function
sorted([3, 1, 2], reversed=True)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    sorted([3, 1, 2], reversed=True)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^
TypeError: sorted() got an unexpected keyword argument 'reversed'. Did you mean 'reverse'?

Copy’s Replace

The new replace() function and the replace protocol make creating modified copies of objects much simpler. This is especially useful when working with immutable objects. The following types support the replace() function and implement the replace protocol:

• collections.namedtuple()
• dataclasses.dataclass
• datetime.datetime, datetime.date, datetime.time
• inspect.Signature, inspect.Parameter
• types.SimpleNamespace
• code objects

Any user-defined class can also support copy.replace() by defining the __replace__() method. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in gh-108751.)

Support for Mobile Platforms

PEP 730: iOS is now a PEP 11 supported platform, with the arm64-apple-ios and arm64-apple-ios-simulator targets at tier 3 (iPhone and iPad devices released after 2013 and the Xcode iOS simulator running on Apple silicon hardware, respectively). x86_64-apple-ios-simulator (the Xcode iOS simulator running on older x86_64 hardware) is not a tier 3 supported platform, but will have best-effort support. (PEP written and implementation contributed by Russell Keith-Magee in gh-114099.)

PEP 738: Android is now a PEP 11 supported platform, with the aarch64-linux-android and x86_64-linux-android targets at tier 3. The 32-bit targets arm-linux-androideabi and i686-linux-android are not tier 3 supported platforms, but will have best-effort support. (PEP written and implementation contributed by Malcolm Smith in gh-116622.)

PyQt5와 requests 및 BeautifulSoup를 이용해 URL을 입력하고, 해당 웹 페이지의 내용을 크롤링하여 보여주는 기본 프로그램.

입력한 URL의 HTML 내용과 크롤링된 특정 텍스트 내용을 보여주는 두 개의 영역

import sys
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QLabel, QLineEdit, QPushButton, QScrollArea, QTextBrowser, QTextEdit
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt

class WebCrawlerApp(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        # 창 설정
        self.setWindowTitle("URL Web Crawler")
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 800, 600)
        
        # 메인 레이아웃 설정
        layout = QVBoxLayout()

        # URL 입력창 및 버튼 추가
        self.url_input = QLineEdit(self)
        self.url_input.setPlaceholderText("Enter URL here...")
        layout.addWidget(self.url_input)
        
        self.submit_button = QPushButton("Submit", self)
        self.submit_button.clicked.connect(self.fetch_web_content)
        layout.addWidget(self.submit_button)
        
        # HTML 내용 표시 (링크 지원을 위해 QTextBrowser 사용)
        self.html_label = QLabel("Page HTML Content:")
        layout.addWidget(self.html_label)
        
        self.html_content = QTextBrowser(self)
        self.html_content.setOpenExternalLinks(False)  # QTextBrowser 내부에서 링크 클릭 이벤트를 처리
        self.html_content.anchorClicked.connect(self.handle_link_click)
        html_scroll = QScrollArea(self)
        html_scroll.setWidgetResizable(True)
        html_scroll.setWidget(self.html_content)
        layout.addWidget(html_scroll)

        # 크롤링된 내용을 보여줄 텍스트 창
        self.crawl_label = QLabel("Crawled Data:")
        layout.addWidget(self.crawl_label)
        
        self.crawled_content = QTextEdit(self)
        self.crawled_content.setReadOnly(True)
        crawl_scroll = QScrollArea(self)
        crawl_scroll.setWidgetResizable(True)
        crawl_scroll.setWidget(self.crawled_content)
        layout.addWidget(crawl_scroll)
        
        # 레이아웃 설정
        self.setLayout(layout)

    def fetch_web_content(self):
        # URL 가져오기
        url = self.url_input.text().strip()
        if not url:
            self.html_content.setText("Please enter a valid URL.")
            return
        
        try:
            # 웹 페이지 요청 및 파싱
            response = requests.get(url)
            response.raise_for_status()
            html_text = response.text
            
            # HTML 내용을 보여줌
            self.html_content.setHtml(html_text)
            
            # BeautifulSoup으로 HTML 파싱
            soup = BeautifulSoup(html_text, 'html.parser')
            
            # 특정 태그 내용 크롤링 예시 (모든 <p> 태그 내용)
            paragraphs = soup.find_all('p')
            crawled_data = "\n\n".join([p.get_text(strip=True) for p in paragraphs])
            
            # 크롤링된 내용 표시
            if crawled_data:
                self.crawled_content.setText(crawled_data)
            else:
                self.crawled_content.setText("No <p> tags found on the page.")

        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            self.html_content.setText(f"Error fetching the URL: {e}")
            self.crawled_content.setText("")

    def handle_link_click(self, url):
        # 링크를 클릭하면 URL 입력창에 설정하고 자동으로 Submit
        self.url_input.setText(url.toString())
        self.fetch_web_content()

# 애플리케이션 실행
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    window = WebCrawlerApp()
    window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

입력받은 url을 다운로드 받고, MP3로 변환하고 싶으면 변환버튼.

다운 받은 파일 리스트 페이지 에서 파일 더블 클릭시 실행.

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QVBoxLayout, QHBoxLayout, QPushButton, QLabel, QLineEdit, QScrollArea, QMessageBox
import yt_dlp
import threading
from moviepy.editor import AudioFileClip
 

class MainWindow(QWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):
        # 윈도우 설정
        self.setWindowTitle("YouTube Downloader & MP4 to MP3 Converter")
        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 600, 400)

        # 메인 레이아웃 설정
        self.main_layout = QVBoxLayout()

        # 버튼 레이아웃 (좌에서 우로 배치)
        button_layout = QHBoxLayout()

        # 버튼 1: YouTube URL 다운로드 버튼
        self.youtube_button = QPushButton("Download YouTube Video", self)
        self.youtube_button.clicked.connect(self.show_youtube_download_form)
        button_layout.addWidget(self.youtube_button)

        # 버튼 2: MP4 to MP3 변환 버튼
        self.convert_button = QPushButton("Convert MP4 to MP3", self)
        self.convert_button.clicked.connect(self.confirm_convert_form)  # 확인 창 함수 연결
        button_layout.addWidget(self.convert_button) 

        # 버튼 3: Downloads 폴더의 파일 리스트 보기 버튼
        self.show_files_button = QPushButton("Show Downloaded Files", self)
        self.show_files_button.clicked.connect(self.show_downloaded_files)
        button_layout.addWidget(self.show_files_button)

        # 버튼 레이아웃 추가
        self.main_layout.addLayout(button_layout)

        # YouTube URL 입력 필드 (초기에는 숨김)
        self.url_input = QLineEdit(self)
        self.url_input.setPlaceholderText("Enter YouTube URL here...")
        self.url_input.setVisible(False)  # 초기에는 숨김
        self.main_layout.addWidget(self.url_input)

        # 상태 및 결과 표시 레이블 (스크롤 가능)
        self.result_label = QLabel(self)
        self.result_label.setWordWrap(True)
        
        scroll_area = QScrollArea(self)
        scroll_area.setWidgetResizable(True)
        scroll_area.setWidget(self.result_label)
        self.main_layout.addWidget(scroll_area)

        # 메인 레이아웃 설정
        self.setLayout(self.main_layout)

    def show_youtube_download_form(self):
        # 입력 필드가 이미 있는지 확인 후 없을 때만 추가
        # 입력 필드를 보이도록 설정하고, 플레이스홀더 텍스트 설정
        self.url_input.setVisible(True)
        self.url_input.setPlaceholderText("Enter YouTube URL here...")
        self.url_input.clear()  # 이전 입력값 지우기
        self.result_label.setText("Enter a YouTube URL to download:") 

    def download_video(self):
        url = self.url_input.text().strip()
        if url:
            self.result_label.setText("Downloading... Please wait.")
            threading.Thread(target=self.youtube_download_process, args=(url,)).start()
        else:
            self.result_label.setText("Please enter a valid YouTube URL.")

    def youtube_download_process(self, url):
        ydl_opts = {
            'format': 'best',
            'outtmpl': './downloads/%(title)s.%(ext)s',
            'progress_hooks': [self.progress_hook]
        }
        with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
            ydl.download([url])

    def progress_hook(self, d):
        if d['status'] == 'downloading':
            percent = d['_percent_str']
            speed = d.get('speed', 'Unknown')
            eta = d.get('eta', 'Unknown')
            self.result_label.setText(f"Downloading: {percent} - Speed: {speed} - ETA: {eta}s")
        elif d['status'] == 'finished':
            self.result_label.setText(f"Download complete!")

    def confirm_convert_form(self):
        # 확인/취소 메시지 박스를 생성
        reply = QMessageBox.question(self, 'Convert MP4 to MP3',
                                     "Are you sure you want to convert all MP4 files in the folder to MP3?",
                                     QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No, QMessageBox.No)

        # 사용자가 Yes를 선택한 경우에만 변환 함수 실행
        if reply == QMessageBox.Yes:
            self.show_convert_form()

    def show_convert_form(self):
        # URL 입력창 숨김
        self.url_input.setVisible(False)
        
        # MP4 파일 선택 및 MP3로 변환 메시지 설정
        self.result_label.setText("Converting all MP4 files in the folder to MP3...")
        threading.Thread(target=self.convert_mp4_to_mp3).start()

    def convert_mp4_to_mp3(self):
        folder_path = './downloads'  # MP4 파일이 있는 폴더
         

        for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
            if filename.endswith(".mp4"):
                mp4_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename)
                mp3_path = os.path.join(folder_path, f"{os.path.splitext(filename)[0]}.mp3")
                
                if os.path.exists(mp3_path):
                    self.result_label.setText(self.result_label.text() + f"\nSkipping {filename}: MP3 already exists.")
                    continue

                audio_clip = AudioFileClip(mp4_path)
                audio_clip.write_audiofile(mp3_path)
                audio_clip.close()
                self.result_label.setText(self.result_label.text() + f"\nConverted: {filename} to MP3.")

        self.result_label.setText(self.result_label.text() + "\nAll MP4 files converted to MP3.")

    def show_downloaded_files(self):
        # URL 입력창 숨김
        self.url_input.setVisible(False)
        
        # ./downloads 폴더의 파일 리스트를 표시
        folder_path = './downloads'
        if not os.path.exists(folder_path):
            self.result_label.setText("No files found. The downloads folder does not exist.")
            return

        files = os.listdir(folder_path)
        if files:
            file_list = "\n".join(files)
            self.result_label.setText(f"Files in {folder_path}:\n{file_list}")
        else:
            self.result_label.setText("No files found in the downloads folder.")



# PyQt 애플리케이션 실행
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    main_window = MainWindow()
    main_window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

[python]  폴더 안의 모든 mp4 파일을 mp3로 변환하기

import os
from pathlib import Path
 

from moviepy.editor import *

# MP4 파일이 있는 폴더 경로 지정
folder_path = './downloads'

import file_rename_underbar as fru

# 폴더내의 파일명 rename
fru.replace_spaces_in_filenames(folder_path)


# 폴더 내의 모든 파일 확인
for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
    if filename.endswith('.mp4'):
        mp4_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename)
        mp3_path = os.path.join(folder_path, filename.replace('.mp4', '.mp3'))
        
        # 비디오에서 오디오 추출 후 MP3로 저장
        video = VideoFileClip(mp4_path)
        video.audio.write_audiofile(mp3_path)
        video.close()  # 명시적으로 close 호출하여 자원 해제

        print(f"Converted: {filename} to MP3")
    else:
        print(f"Converted Not: {filename} to MP3")

[python] youtube download 입력받은 url로 다운받기

yt-dlp는 YouTube 및 기타 비디오 플랫폼에서 동영상을 다운로드하는 강력한 명령줄 도구입니다. 

pytube보다 다양한 기능을 제공하며, Python 스크립트와 통합하여 사용할 수도 있습니다.

import yt_dlp

def main():
    # 다운로드할 YouTube 비디오의 URL
    #url = 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjcuQLjSUz4'
    
    
    # 사용자로부터 YouTube 비디오 URL 입력받기
    url = input("다운로드할 YouTube 비디오의 URL을 입력하세요: ")

    # 다운로드 옵션 설정
    ydl_opts = {
        'format': 'best',                   # 최고 화질 선택 (audio와 video 포함)
        'outtmpl': './downloads/%(title)s.%(ext)s',  # 다운로드 파일 경로 및 이름 템플릿
    }

    # yt-dlp를 사용하여 다운로드
    with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
        ydl.download([url])

    print("Video has been downloaded successfully!")


# 메인 함수 호출
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

[python] polar plot에서 한글 사용하기. 

Python에서 한글을 matplotlib 플롯에 표시하려면, 폰트를 설정하여 한글이 올바르게 렌더링되도록 해야 합니다. 시스템에 설치된 한글 폰트를 지정하거나, matplotlib에서 기본적으로 한글을 지원하는 폰트를 설정하면 됩니다.

아래는 Example Polar Plot이라는 제목을 한글로 변경하여 출력하는 예제 코드입니다.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# 한글 폰트 설정 (예: Windows에서는 'Malgun Gothic', MacOS에서는 'AppleGothic')
plt.rcParams['font.family'] = 'Malgun Gothic'  # 또는 'AppleGothic' (Mac)
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False     # 마이너스 기호 깨짐 방지

# 데이터 준비
angles = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
radii = 1 + np.sin(angles)

# Polar Plot 생성
plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
ax = plt.subplot(111, projection='polar')
ax.plot(angles, radii, color='blue', linewidth=2)

# 한글 제목 추가
ax.set_title("예제 polar plot", va='bottom')
plt.show()

코드 설명

• plt.rcParams['font.family']: 한글을 표시하기 위한 폰트를 지정합니다. Windows에서는 'Malgun Gothic', MacOS에서는 'AppleGothic'을 사용할 수 있습니다.
• plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False: 마이너스 기호(-)가 깨지지 않도록 설정합니다.
• ax.set_title("예제 극좌표 플롯", va='bottom'): 제목을 한글로 설정합니다.

이제 matplotlib 플롯에서 한글 제목이 잘 출력될 것입니다.